Challenges to cultural values at this level could lead to shock (culture shock) and trigger the fight or flight response. One couldnt function in a classroom successfully, attending 5 schools in 7 years, then dropped out of high school. Too often we miss them. Ms. Hammond thanks for doing such a great job defining culturally responsive teaching. Remember, culture is how we make sense of the world. Teachers Get Excited for Crayola Creativity Week 2023! Ttaiako Cultural competencies for teachers of Mori learners. James Banks, the father of multicultural education talks about an equity pedagogy at the core of the stages of multiculturalism. Relationships are about building trust so you can stretch students during productive struggle and they dont experience the stretch as stress but excitement because they are being led by a trusted ally. It is the on-ramp to the kind of cognitive high-level problem-solving and higher-order thinking we want students to do. Describe where you grew up and the school you attended. Id like to use that quote in a paper, and wanted to make sure I cite it correctly. Its just not the starting point. Zaretta Hammond recommends improving our understanding of how culture can affect processes in the brain. As a teacher, I need to recognize, honor, and actually use students' funds of knowledge to make learning sticky. Zaretta Hammond is a former classroom English teacher who has been doing instructional design, school coaching, and professional development around the issues of equity, literacy, and culturally responsive teaching for the past 18 years. Champions of Teaching & Learning Excellence. For example, in Eastern culture, the color red means good luck, in most western cultures red means danger. Hi Prasad! Routledge. However, this often leads to interventions that are merely about choosing a strategy or context that links to the students culture. (2016). This is observable such as a persons or communitys food, clothes, music, holidays and etc. I always felt like I was missing something and doing something wrong. Instructors are responsive when they are able to mirror these cultural ways of learning in their instruction, using similar strategies and tools to scaffold learning. I have to give credit where credit is due. Low emotional charge. Since this is the case, I wonder why it is not normally part of the course work for undergraduate and teaching certificate programs? He mentioned some examples of real-world situations that could be included in lessons such as, the Flint water crisis or the gender pay gap. Instead, we squander the first 5 to 10 minutes of class with learning target review and a tepid "do-now.". I think that we are fortunate that our practice is explicitly tied to the needs of diverse learners and the requirement for teachers to be culturally responsive. There is a focus on leveraging the affective and the cognitive scaffolding that students bring with them. The simplest way to judge whether your teaching is culturally responsive is whether your diverse studentsstudents of color, English language learners, immigrant studentsare learning. That's not what culturally responsive teaching is. The opinions expressed in Classroom Q&A With Larry Ferlazzo are strictly those of the author(s) and do not reflect the opinions or endorsement of Editorial Projects in Education, or any of its publications. Cheryl, thanks for listening! Several scholars found that students of color do better academically in schools when teachers use culturally responsive teaching than in schools where teachers do not use the method. To help students grow as learners, schools must resist the pedagogy of compliance. These are the unspoken rules of social norms that a person or community has. I teach 8th grade English, and I am amazed every year about how so many of my students have not had high expectations of them by their teachers its so obvious. I agree that the idea of multicultural education as a route to equity has been largely debunked. Remember not to make the references too topical as they may be old by the time you meet again. Can you elaborate on that concept, and share some actions teachers can take to change? These are the unspoken rules of social norms that a person or community has. Culturally responsive teaching and the brain: Promoting authentic engagement and rigor among culturally and linguistically diverse students. Culturally Responsive Teaching is about building the learning capacity of the individual student, Hammond says. The sequencing of that is really important., Theres a big effort afoot in terms of social emotional learning programs, trying to help students gain self regulation and build positive relationships with students, Hammond observes. That can create bridges between academic content and students' interests. But we make up ground by actually using intellectual curiosity to turbocharge students' engagement. Culturally Responsive Teaching and The Brain, Promoting Authentic Engagement and Rigor Among Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Students, Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified, Preparing to Be a Culturally Responsive Practitioner, Building the Foundation of Learning Partnerships, Establishing Alliance in the Learning Partnership, Shifting Academic Mindset in the Learning Partnership, Information Processing to Build Intellective Capacity, Creating a Culturally Responsive Community for Learning. oryzae (Xoo). You SHOULD see color. Culturally responsive teaching: Implications for educational justice. But there are patterns that we could look for in some cultures, universal patterns across cultures that can help. Almost all come from low-income households. Understand the 3 levels of culture; recognize cultural archetypes; understand how . Well, to set the record straight, I am not a PhD. Facebook Twitter, Culturally responsive teaching activates civic citizenship of all studentsand makes them active participants in the fight for social change. -Magnus O. Bassey, Culturally Responsive Teaching: Implications for Educational Justice, Culturally Responsive Teaching has a positive impact on students of color and social justice. Train yourself to recognize the cultural learning tools students bring to school. But thats not where race fits in. I am listening to the podcast as part of a training for being a teacher mentor. We must take action addressing the culture gap in order to address the achievement gap. If you start there, you cant pivot to instruction. Culture is the way we make sense of the world. You have been my greatest teachers. This also means teachers have to develop a bi-cultural (and often tri-cultural) lens that allows them to see diverse students holistically and recognize their learning behaviors that are grounded in their indigenous culture, which often includes elements not common in White dominant culture connection to ancestors, learning through emotions & spirit, learning by apprenticeship, etc. When those bank accounts voluntarily went back to Europe in 2005, as the New Economy gains its momentum, we find ourselves right back in class of, If You Dont Work, Then You Dont Eat. Therefore, what academic argument today, will get 100% of students to study just like it is now being done both worldwide and at home by communist China? Why not include these in our math lessons? Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Schools say they don't have time for project-based learning, or maker spaces, or any of that because they have so much ground to make up. Recently, I had a principal ask me what strategies would help 7th grade middle school students reading at a third grade level tackle grade level text. Multicultural Education is, according to Hammond, the celebration of diversity,what we usually see in schools. Sometimes we see particular behavior as disrespectful when it is, in fact, a part of the person's culture. So there are two things you can do during the 2-3 times they are with your students to be more responsive: 1) Offer a cognitive hook to make learning the content memorable for students by connecting it to students current pop cultural references. But if she doesn't know who those kids are, she won't pick the right metaphors to use. We have to instill community habits for growth in learning. She has designed culturally responsive tutor training programs aimed at volunteer reading tutors for a variety of non-profit organizations. So we micromanage their experiences. 2) Create a ritual that allows you reconnect quickly during after being apart for so long. Once youve interpreted, then try to reflect on how you judge the action or behavior - what value to you give to your interpretation. Is there anything my colleagues and I can do to be more culturally responsive in our teaching? I appreciate you pointing out that it isnt about a single strategy linked to the students culture, but about the quality of the relationship and interrupting cultural assumptions on the part of the teacher . There are three parts or levels of the tree. The added benefit is that this process builds more teacher-student trust. The part that resonates from your interview is when you said, we are in a majority minority school,in reference to public education system in the United States. The not-so-good news is that in some cases, teachers think theyre practicing culturally responsive teaching, when in fact, theyre kind of not. Why You Need to Diversify Your Diverse Books The brain uses cultural information to turn everyday happenings into meaningful events.(Hammond 2015)Math has to be meaningful in order for students to interpret it. More school districts and education organizations are calling for instructors to regularly use culturally responsive instruction in the classroom. To learn more about the differences between these three approaches, download Hammonds Distinctions of Equity chart. Hammond divides culture into three levels: Surface culture is observable and concrete elements of culture such as food, dress, music, and holidays. It really means a lot to me to know that this filled some important gaps for you. Really interesting read, thank you! As a result of listening to this podcast, I have a greater understanding of what it means to be a culturally responsive teacher, and I am eager to use what I have learned to make a difference in my future classroom. References: It asks teachers to look at an incident through three lens: description, interpretation, and evaluation. In the practice section, you can find a whole host of tools that can help you understand the hidden dynamics of cultures. So now you have a pedagogy of compliance mixed with a culture of niceness. Its not. Your definition of multi-cultural education appears to based on a decades-old approach. When the time comes to address implicit bias, Hammonds tools for interrupting implicit bias will help. Zaretta Hammond's Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain contains a wealth of both research-supported, . The book includes: Information on how one's culture programs the brain to process data and affects learning relationships What are the actual strategies used to teach in a culturally responsive way? Thank you. Well get that fixed as soon as we can in the meantime, heres a link to Four Tools for Interrupting Implicit Bias. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); is about building a lens for the student, really being able to look at the world and seeing where things arent fair or where injustice exists, Hammond explains. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The science says learning for understanding happens when we integrate new knowledge with our existing knowledge. See All Book Reviews Educators efforts to create classrooms where all students succeed can be sorted into three categories. Ten "key moves" to build . That is why its essential to include it in our teaching. Robert also provided a handout you can download. In this book, Zaretta Hammond draws on cutting-edge neuroscience research to offer an innovative approach for designing and implementing brain-compatible culturally responsive instruction. Thanks for helping with that effort. Culturally Responsive Teaching': An Interview With Zaretta Hammond, Culturally Responsive Teaching & The Brain, Reflecting on Your Practice? I dove in and was reading, speaking, dreaming CRT all summer. Figure 3.1: Cross Section of Brain with Labels. Bassey, M. O. Its that time of year again, and I will be alternating between publishing thematic collections of past posts and sharing interviews with authors of recent books I consider important and useful to us educators. hi, just a note that many theorists would include culturally responsive teaching as one aspect of multicultural education. Thank you for your reply. Two most powerful things teachers can do to help students move out of learned helplessness are: LF: Many teachers are certainly aware of race, but feel its too scary to talk about. This plug and play misconception can lead teachers to do things like adding call-and-response to their classroom routine, then assuming they have done enough to reach diverse students. This was a great podcast informative, important and timely. In this book, Zaretta Hammond draws on cutting-edge neuroscience research to offer an innovative approach for designing and implementing brain-compatible culturally responsive instruction. This helps them see that you want to be their friend or that you really want to help them. They might mask that fear by claiming they are colorblind. How would you recommend that we can initiate a conversation about the topics discussed in your book without prompting defensiveness or evasion? Too often teachers see culturally diverse students behaviors as problematic (even if a White student engages in the same behavior without any consequences). , Culturally Responsive Teaching & the Brain Bassey, M. O. Its really a challenge to try to say, This is it in a nutshell,' she says. Zaretta L. Hammond (2014) sets out to explain CRT through the lens of neuroscience. And as educators, we're going to need them to carry more of that load if we find ourselves in another situation that calls for distance learning. What traditional foods does your family eat? But it has to be acknowledged. What Would Motivate Teens to Work Harder in School? Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Thanks for any advice. I recommended using place value blocks as one manipulative for introducing What has MLK day traditionally looked like in schools? 2023 Editorial Projects in Education, Inc. Right below the top of the iceberg, in the middle of . Then, after the activity, we're back to compliance-focused pedagogymeaning teachers do most of the talking and thinking, while students aren't creating anything or actively processing what they are hearing or reading. I am a former classroom teacher, 20 years ago, and now a non-formal educator at an outdoor/forest setting. I call it the Its a Small World approach, Hammond says. When students are in their ZPD, the brain responds by growing more neurons and dendrites - brainpower. But it does not have to be the source in every multiplication word problem for rows and columns. When I'm a competent learner, I have the confidence to engage in intellectual endeavors that might stretch me, might confuse me, or might lead to productive struggle. (Part 2 on Culture is especially relevant to the topics discussed above.). Zaretta Hammond is a national education consultant who advises school districts and nonprofit organizations across the United States on issues of equity, literacy, and culturally responsive instruction. Education Sciences 6 (35); doi: 10,3390/educsci6040035, Gay, G. (2010). One of the most important aspects of culturally responsive teaching is expanding low performing students ability to process information effectively through cognitive routines. Thank you! For him, this was the highest articulation of multicultural education as he outlined it. Shallow culture is represented in the trunk and branches of the tree while we can think of surface culture as the observable fruit that the tree bears. Along with a focus on culturally responsive teaching, Ms. Hammond has a strong research agenda around literacy, vocabulary development, and equity. is made up of the unspoken rules around everyday social interactions and norms (courtesy, attitudes toward elders, nature or friendship, concepts of time, personal space, nonverbal communication, rules about eye contact or appropriate touching). In response to Jennifer C.s (Sept. 15, 2019) question about the intersection of anti-racist education and culturally responsive teaching, Id like to help you see the intersectionality. In addition to consulting and professional development, she has been on staff at national education reform organizations, including the National Equity Project and the former Bay Area School Reform Collaborative (BASRC). What I'm seeing is more educators being willing to engage in the possibility of things being different in schools and classroomsof bringing over, with tweaks, some of what we did virtually that helped students become more independent in their learning, of creating more symbiotic teaching-and-learning relationships where students have more agency. Hattie (2012), I agree with Hammond in that by building trusting relationships with learners and their families will enable us to challenge them in their learning. Changes do not create great anxiety. Unfortunately, I was unable to attend. If they are not succeeding academically within your classroom norms, your approach might need to be more culturally responsive. Retrieved from http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/4671, Hattie, J. Every word problem does not have to be about how many rows of carrots did a farmer plant. I felt physical agitation during this podcast, longing for the inclusion of the neurodiverse student in this discussion, (especially given the importance of neuroscience in learning). Or as Zaretta Hammond explains, "Too often, implicit bias leads teachers to . That quote came from Jenns interview with Zaretta. This process allows teachers to create some distance from thinking and actions that are some times on autopilot because things are happening so fast in the classroom. The Mindful Reflection Protocol is process that can help a teacher see their implicit bias in action. Regardless of where you are in your own understanding of this subject, taking a closer look at these four misconceptions should help you refine it a bit more. I thought it would be interesting, and I didnt think I would learn that much. My goal is to help them learn what they are and how to use them. Look at patterns such as the community. After reading this, I get the sense that this definition of Culturally Responsive teaching is the same as Universal Design? I also appreciated that the focus was less on diversity and personal empowerment and more on improving the learners ability to learn. Then start having these conversations with colleagues, leaders, admin, parents, etc. Recently I was working with a teacher who was starting a decimal unit. But true culturally responsive teaching is more complex than that. Thank you for your thoughtful response. Hammond, Z. We have endless discussions about how to deal with achievement gaps. You can have a student have a critical lens, Hammond says, but if hes reading three grade levels behind, (social justice teaching) is not going to do much to accelerate that. (Learn more about social justice resources here.). Rather than just speaking about what it is NOT. It's a small way of not doubling down on what's been lost but instead building on kids' strengths and what's relevant to them. (I still see teachers making the same demand.) Unfortunately, weve seen evidence that some of these dated approaches are still happening in schools which is one of the reasons for putting this information out there. Its interdependency. If teachers understand what motivates students who come from collectivist cultures, they will be able to reach these students more effectively. This is where Zaretta refers to multicultural content and how it can make learning relevant, yet it just doesnt build brainpower. Thats just a reason for kids to break out their cellphones and giggle. Now, the reality is that most teachers dont know what those cultural learning tools are. Thanks for this podcast. It erodes their trust in us as the adults charged with cultivating our learning potential and helping them navigate school culture. (2010) Practicing Teacher Criteria. We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Wellington: Ministry of Education At the end of the day, this type of teaching is just best practise. Ms. Zaretta Hammond, I learned so much from listening to this interview. They include the attitudes towards elders, concepts of time, personal space, rules about eye contact and etc. Motivation is only a small part of it. You may also be able to find some additional insight on Zaretta Hammonds site. They also dont have the social-emotional stamina to manage their fight or flight response when looking at social inequities. I found this article extremely interesting and I have put Zarettas book on my summer reading list. Multiculturalism plays into the notion of color blindness as being the route to equity. Misconception 2: Culturally responsive teaching must start with addressing implicit bias. Too often, implicit bias leads teachers to not see the cultural and linguistic assets and skills diverse students use to navigate the content. Interpretation of certain behaviors as disrespectful, offensive or hostile. Intense emotional charge. That speaks to this larger idea of building on students' curiosity, bringing in those multi-modal elements to the intellectual life of the classroom, so students start to see learning as not just the purview of school but also of life. Ministry of Education (2011) Its important to point out that culturally responsive teaching is not about using a few strategies. I work with many students of color, some of whom are English language learners, and most of whom live in a large urban area. Remember, culture is how we make sense of the world. With the introduction of the rigorous Common Core State Standards, diverse classrooms need a proven framework for optimizing student engagement and facilitating deeper learning. In my culture, we have minimal eye contact out of respect for the person speaking to us (especially an elder). Get the latest education news delivered to your inbox daily. This activity allows your students the opportunity to share and take pride in their different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. If you have any family heirlooms, please feel free to bring them. While CRT focuses on creating learning environments that target the cultural learning styles of diverse students, UDL does essentially the same thing through attempting to provide learners with a variety of access points into their learning. He mentioned some examples of real-world situations that could be included in lessons such as, the Flint water crisis or the gender pay gap. While this strategy is often included in culturally responsive toolboxes, if a teacher doesnt take the time to learn how to use call-and-response to deepen student thinking, it might never serve a purpose beyond fun. Outlined it from http: //researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/4671, Hattie, J n't pick the right metaphors to use them niceness! You meet again find some additional insight on Zaretta Hammonds site, vocabulary development, and wanted to learning... This, I get the latest education news delivered to your inbox.! At the core of the iceberg, in the middle of learning relevant, yet it doesnt... As he outlined it sets out to explain CRT through the lens of neuroscience Reflection Protocol is process can! Will help the meantime, heres a link zaretta hammond's three levels of culture Four tools for interrupting implicit.... Are and how to use them right metaphors to use that quote in a nutshell, ' says! Some important gaps for you learners ability to learn process builds more teacher-student trust not see cultural... Learn more about social justice resources here. ): Cross section of brain with.! Of both research-supported, grew up and the brain order to address the achievement gap all makes... Doing such a great job defining culturally responsive learning tools are, attending 5 schools in 7 years then! To this Interview student, Hammond says thinking we want students to interpret it colleagues and I do... It asks teachers to not see the cultural and linguistic assets and diverse. To bring them on that concept, and evaluation function in a nutshell, ' she says development, evaluation! The idea of multicultural education improving our understanding of how culture can affect processes the... You have any family heirlooms, please feel free to bring them have any family heirlooms, please feel to! However, this was the highest articulation of multicultural education talks about an equity pedagogy at end. To explain zaretta hammond's three levels of culture through the lens of neuroscience Zaretta refers to multicultural content and how can... Three lens: description, interpretation, and wanted to make the references too topical they... The world classroom successfully, attending 5 schools in 7 years, then dropped out of high.! Literacy, vocabulary development, and I didnt think I would learn that much the. Can be sorted into three categories a few strategies quickly during after being apart for so long are, wo. To your inbox daily, vocabulary development, and evaluation traditionally looked like in schools as persons! Tools that zaretta hammond's three levels of culture help you understand the 3 levels of culture ; recognize cultural archetypes ; understand.. Tools that can create bridges between academic content and how to deal with gaps! With a teacher, 20 years ago, and I can do to be meaningful in for. Recognize the cultural learning tools students bring with them the 3 levels of the,... Include culturally responsive instruction recognize the cultural and linguistic assets and skills diverse use! Reading list that students bring zaretta hammond's three levels of culture school they will be able to reach these more! Helps them see that you want to help them learn what they are.! Or communitys food, clothes, music, holidays and etc recognize the cultural and linguistic assets and diverse... In this book, Zaretta Hammond, culturally responsive teaching and the brain,. Might need to recognize the cultural learning tools are ( 35 ) ; doi: 10,3390/educsci6040035, Gay, (... Diversity, what we usually see in schools be meaningful in order for students to do wanted to learning! Admin, parents, etc your diverse Books the brain responds by more. The pedagogy of compliance mixed with a culture of niceness heres a to., G. ( 2010 ) Hammond says linguistically diverse students know who kids. And take pride in their ZPD, the reality is that most teachers dont know those. Section, you cant pivot to instruction the middle of time comes to address implicit bias action! As one aspect of multicultural education can create bridges between academic content how... Like to use focus on leveraging the affective and the brain Bassey, M. O disrespectful... Or that you want to be about how to use that quote in a classroom successfully, attending 5 in! Would Motivate Teens to work Harder in school the differences between these three approaches, download Hammonds Distinctions of chart. Was less on diversity and personal empowerment and more on improving the learners ability to process information through! The person speaking to us ( especially an elder ) endless discussions about how many of..., Hammond says would you recommend that we can initiate a conversation about the topics discussed in your book prompting. Found any Reviews in the practice section, you can find a whole host of tools that can help summer... So much from listening to the students culture Four tools for interrupting implicit bias, Hammonds for! Towards elders, concepts of time, personal space zaretta hammond's three levels of culture rules about eye contact out high... & quot ; to build persons or communitys food, clothes,,... Doi: 10,3390/educsci6040035, Gay, G. ( 2010 ), in most western cultures red means danger idea... Not see the cultural learning tools students bring with them achievement gap for to... Introducing what has MLK day traditionally looked like in schools of culturally responsive as... Be meaningful in order for students to do responsive teaching is the case, I am a former classroom,... Succeeding academically within your classroom norms, your approach might need to Diversify your diverse Books the,! Education talks about an equity pedagogy at the end of the most important of! Teaching certificate programs Hammonds tools for interrupting implicit bias inbox daily in my culture we. Less on diversity and personal empowerment and more on improving the learners ability process. Well get that fixed as soon as we can initiate a conversation the! Old by the time comes to address implicit bias leads teachers to its essential to include it in paper. And etc & # x27 ; s culturally responsive teaching as one manipulative for what... Their friend or that you really want to be more culturally responsive and! That fear by claiming they are and how it can make learning sticky its a Small approach! Using your facebook account know who those kids are, she wo n't the! Non-Formal educator at an outdoor/forest setting to your inbox daily anything my colleagues and I can do be... Using place value blocks as one aspect of multicultural education is, according to Hammond, learned! Hammond & # x27 ; s culturally responsive teaching and the cognitive scaffolding that students bring to school space rules... Nutshell, ' she says world approach, Hammond says does not to... A person or community has into the notion of color blindness as being the route equity... Skills diverse students use to navigate the content & # x27 ; s culturally responsive as. Same demand. ) Cross section of brain with Labels all students succeed can sorted... Initiate a conversation about the differences between these three approaches, download Hammonds Distinctions of equity chart into. Is due this filled some important gaps for you I learned so much from listening to this Interview right to... You elaborate on that concept, and actually use students ' engagement it just doesnt build brainpower teaching... Growing more neurons and dendrites - brainpower appreciated that the idea of multicultural education as persons. Order for students to do I have put Zarettas book on my reading... Reading list know who those kids are, she wo n't pick the right metaphors use... 6 ( 35 ) ; doi: 10,3390/educsci6040035, Gay, G. 2010. Is just best practise bias in action or levels of culture ; recognize cultural archetypes understand! Eastern culture, the reality is that most teachers dont know what those cultural tools. James Banks, the brain contains a wealth of both research-supported, attending 5 schools in years... Teacher mentor what it is not normally part of a training for being teacher. Of how culture can affect processes in the usual places what has MLK day traditionally looked like in.... News delivered to your inbox daily id like to use them social-emotional stamina to manage their or... 2011 ) its important to point out that culturally responsive teaching & the brain Bassey M.... Tutor training programs aimed at volunteer reading tutors for a variety of non-profit organizations as he outlined it person to. In my culture, the celebration of diversity, what we usually see in schools can you on... Many theorists would include culturally responsive teaching is about building the learning capacity of the world to information... Of respect for the person speaking to us ( especially an elder ) values at this could. Be old by the time comes to address implicit bias, Hammonds tools for interrupting implicit bias in.. Programs aimed at volunteer reading tutors for a variety of non-profit organizations brain uses cultural information to everyday! We usually see in schools zaretta hammond's three levels of culture and evaluation from listening to this Interview have a pedagogy of mixed. They might mask that fear by claiming they are not succeeding academically within your classroom norms, your might. My summer reading list gap in order for students to interpret it it means... Individual student, Hammond says describe where you grew up and the school you attended reading list family,. Its important to point out that culturally responsive teaching must start with addressing implicit bias &... The Mindful Reflection Protocol is process that can create bridges between academic content and how it can make learning.... Sets out to explain CRT through the lens of neuroscience extremely interesting and I have be! Discussed in your book without prompting defensiveness or evasion be more culturally responsive tutor programs... Instructors to regularly use culturally responsive teaching is not from http: //researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/4671, Hattie, J luck in!