Sometime between August 1853 and May 1854, a large tsunami traveled through the bay. For these services: Discuss possible redundancy of services with the relevant infrastructure operators. Bahamas following an earthquake in the region or far out on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. Hurricane Ian in 2022 was the latest hurricane to hit the Bahamas. The citizens of, Tsunamis were the main cause of death in the worst volcanic disaster in Japanese history, an eruption of. However, the tsunami arrived earlier than expected on the North Coast as well as many other locations. The tsunami was the deadliest in recorded history, taking 230,000 lives in a matter of hours. Food distribution loss through transport, refrigeration, and storage, along with loss of supply from agricultural, fisheries and tourism impacts, is a common consequence of tsunami inundation. http://neamtic.ioc-unesco.org/, Tsunami evacuation: lessons from the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami of March 11th, 2011 Tsunami warnings were issued for the entire Pacific Rim. Sea rose 7.3 m and sank again near coast of Paria and at Cumana and near Island of Cubagua. Learn how your comment data is processed. Sumatra, Indonesia - 26 December 2004. Evidence of paleotsunami was also found in the Hawaiian Islands corresponding to a large tsunami in the 16th century. Thailand was next. Thus, even when the project itself is damaged by the tsunami, it may not function. But some of the worst devastation was reserved for the island nation of Sri Lanka, where more than 30,000 people were swept away by the waves and hundreds of thousands left homeless. Earthquake strikes the Caribbean. Essentially, all of the known causes of tsunamis are present . For further information the following resources could be consulted: If you have any, please provide feedback. Thus, even if the project itself is not inundated or damaged by the tsunami it may not be able to fulfil its required role in the wider economy. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Tsunami - The Killer Wave - The Compelling & Moving Story As Se DVD at the best online prices at eBay! This means that there is more than a 10% chance of a potentially-damaging tsunami occurring in the next 50 years. Get updated with AfricaTimes latest news by email ! Based on this information, the impact of earthquake need not be . Very small tsunamis, non-destructive and undetectable without specialized equipment, occur frequently as a result of minor earthquakes and other events. So where does it go? The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center recorded a 76mm (3.0in) rise in sea level near the epicenter, and New Zealand scientists noted waves up to 14m (46ft) off the coast of Samoa. On September 29, 2009, a tsunami caused substantial damage and loss of life in American Samoa, Samoa, and Tonga. More than a dozen people were reportedly killed and hundreds injured. One lobe of the landslide rose into nearby, On 26 May 1983 at 11:59 local time, a magnitude 7.7 earthquake occurred in the. The wave had a maximum rise height of 120 metres (394ft), inundating the bay shoreline up to 750 feet (229m) inland. Three very large to large earthquakes off the coast of Jalisco in June 1932 each generated tsunamis. As Bahamas Sink, One Island Mysteriously Rises. Lata, Solomon Islands (2013-Feb-06) A powerful M8.0 Earthquake hit off the coast of the pacific ocean's Solomon Islands archipelago triggering a local Tsunami that traveled for about a thousand miles . Extensive areas of flatland, generally a few feet in elevation, are the dominant topographic features of the major islands; the Bimini group (9 square miles [23 square km]), for example, has a maximum elevation . . Some areas of the affected islands were exposed to the winds for 40 straight hours. [132][133], The deadliest tsunami in recorded history was the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which killed almost 230,000 people in fourteen countries including (listed in order of confirmed fatalities) Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Somalia, Myanmar, Maldives, Malaysia, Tanzania, Seychelles, Bangladesh, South Africa, Yemen and Kenya.[138]. It generated a tsunami up to 2.4 metres (7ft 10in) at Lisbon. Near-shore and off-shore oil and gas supply platforms, bores and pipes are vulnerable. Take specific care and consult with local authorities as to the necessity and handling of toxic or flammable materials (especially fluids). A tsunami is a series of waves caused by earthquakes or undersea volcanic eruptions. The initial surge was measured at a height of approximately 33 meters (108ft), making it one of the largest earthquake-generated tsunamis in recorded history. Reinforced concrete tied to strong deep foundations are the most resistant structures to tsunami and its entrained debris. Mountain at the side of the Gulf of Cariaco was cleft (earthquake). The death toll in Thailand was nearly 5,400 including 2,000 foreign tourists. If the tsunami hazard is high enough in this area to warrant site-specific risk analysis. The three types of tsunamis are: Local Tsunami-It is a type of tsunami that covers an area of 100km or less.The time duration of this tsunami is less than 1 hour or even in minutes. Once caught in the raging waters, if the currents dont pull you under, the debris will finish the job. This event followed the destructive earthquake and tsunami at Arica by only nine years. Its origin may be due to faults or landslides. Regional warning agencies are noted in the Links section. A 1918 magnitude 7.5 earthquake resulted in a tsunami that killed at least 40 people in northwestern Puerto Rico. According to the IPCC (2013), global mean sea level rise depends on a variety of factors, and estimates for 2100 range from ~20 cm to nearly 1 m. However, regional changes in sea level are difficult to predict. Vasily Titov is a tsunami researcher and forecaster with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Center for Tsunami Research. [55] Advance estimates at Ishigaki Island range from 30 to 85.4 metres (98 to 280ft). As proof of the record-breaking strength of the tsunami, the last victims of the Boxing Day disaster perished nearly eight hours later when swelling seas and rogue waves caught swimmers by surprise in South Africa, 5,000 miles from the quakes epicenter. On 27 May 1293, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake and tsunami hit, A 2019 study attributes the event to a massive submarine landslide caused by the collapse of the flank of the, On 1 September 1420, a huge earthquake shook what is now the, The earthquake of 26 January 1531 was accompanied by a tsunami in the. The epicenter was located south of Cuba and northwest of Jamaica, prompting initial fears of a tsunami, though those concerns have since passed. The oldest recorded tsunami occurred in 479 BC. At the same time, several native Hawaiians died after their settlements were hit by a tsunami-like event described in oral traditions. Tsunami of 4 metres (13ft) in Sanggar, 1 to 2m (3ft 3in to 6ft 7in) in Besuki, Java Island and 2 meters in the Molucca Islands. #Tonga #Tsunami #Nukualofa", "Tsunami hits Tonga after giant volcano eruption", The September 19th , 2022, M7.7 Coalcoman Earthquake: An overview and preliminary analysis, "Tsunami Event: GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, ECUADOR", "Joint evaluation of the international response to the Indian Ocean tsunami: Synthesis Report", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tsunamis&oldid=1142265033, One-third of the East Molokai volcano collapsed into the Pacific Ocean, generating a tsunami with an estimated local height of 2,000 feet (610m). Fortunately, tsunamis are rare in the Caribbean due to the lack of subduction zones. In earthquakes, a certain number of people die but many more are injured. In 2006 a tsunami affected parts of the WA coast, particularly at Steep Point where a tsunami travelled 200 metres inland. Power cables across oceans and small waterways may come ashore in areas at risk of tsunami. If equipment and materials can be shut down, moved or secured, some impacts may be reduced. Regional Tsunami-The tsunami which causes destruction in the region covering an area of 1000km of its source is known as a regional tsunami.The travel time of this tsunami is between 1 to 3 hours. Its a wave, but from the observers standpoint, you wouldnt recognize it as a wave, Titov says. This tsunami that crossed the Indian Ocean is an example of a teletsunami, which travels great distances across the open ocean, and an ocean-wide tsunami. The first tsunami wave hit, On 16 June 1964, 28 people died, and entire apartment buildings were destroyed by soil liquefaction. Despite the fact that tsunami warning . For example, are there service corridors that do not run parallel to the coastline. Build using reinforced concrete with deep strong foundations. to 1900 A.D.", "Geoarchaeological Evidence of Middle-Age Tsunamis at Stromboli and Consequences for the Tsunami Hazard in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea", "Encuentran registros de megaterremoto ocurrido hace seis siglos en el norte de Chile", "Specification of a soon-to-occur seismic faulting in the Tokai District, central Japan, based on seismotectoncs", "Tsunami earthquake can occur elsewhere along the Japan TrenchHistorical and geological evidence for the 1677 earthquake and tsunami", "Field investigations of the Nankaido Tsunamis in 1707 and 1854 along the South-west coast of Shikoku", Hoel, Christer, "The Skafjell Rock Avalanche in 1731," fjords.com Retrieved 23 June 2020, "Volcanic origin of the 1741 Oshima-Oshima tsunami in the Japan Sea", "Boulder accumulations produced by the 20th of February, 1743 tsunami along the coast of southeastern Salento (Apulia region, Italy)", "The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake. They are possible wherever large bodies of water are found, including inland lakes, where they can be caused by landslides and glacier calving. The sheer scale of the destruction was just mind-boggling.. But what is a wave? [104][105], A major eruption of Hunga Tonga, a volcanic island in Tonga in the Pacific Ocean, occurred on 15 January 2022. An earthquake of intensity IX and an estimated magnitude of 6.7 caused a tsunami on the coasts of Portugal and Galicia. It took 148 years for the population to return to pre-tsunami levels. The result was the creation of a tsunami warning system known as the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), established in 1949 for the countries of Oceania. It was during these expeditions that scientists confirmed maximum wave heights of more than 131 feet on the northwestern tip of the island. Rather than delivering one violent jolt, the quake lasted an unrelenting 10 minutes, releasing as much pent-up power as several thousand atomic bombs. Transport routes are regularly disrupted in tsunami, due to the coastal location and orientation of roads, train lines, bridges and airports. [The Indian Ocean tsunami] came ashore in these places that had no natural warning either, because they were far enough away that they didnt feel any of the earthquake, says Borrero. Scientific Reports - Tsunami records of the last 8000 years in the Andaman Island, India, from mega and large earthquakes: Insights on recurrence interval . The floods destroyed the villages of Longarone, Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova and Fa, killing 1,450 people. In the process, massive segments of the ocean floor were forced upward an estimated 30 or 40 meters (up to 130 feet). This should include magnitude and frequency of tsunami. In this rare case, officials may advise evacuating further inland beyond XTEZ. Energy supply, refining, and storage facilities are often in coastal locations. Most projects rely upon incoming services such as electricity, water supply, workforce, etc., (upstream dependencies) and provide services or products that are important to the local, regional or national economy and social wellbeing (downstream dependencies). Water and sanitation pipes and treatment plants are often in coastal areas and can be damaged by tsunami. Extre me Tsunami Evacuation Zone (XTEZ): If an earthquake happens in the Eastern Aleutian Islands with a magnitude 9.0 or greater, it would cause a rare, more extreme tsunami event that would result in much more extensive flooding throughout Oahu. At this time, the tsunami was already arriving along Hawaii's coastline. Sound waves, radio waves, even "the wave" in a stadium all have something in common with the waves that move across oceans. M7.8. The Bahamas. On 2 April 2007, a magnitude 8.1 earthquake struck about 40km (25mi) south of Ghizo Island in the western, On 21 April 2007, an earthquake of magnitude 6.2 occurred in the. Inundation for Hihifo seems close to observation. An hour later, on the opposite side of the Indian Ocean, the waves struck the southeastern coast of India near the city of Chennai, pushing debris-choked water kilometers inland and killing more than 10,000 people, mostly women and children, since many of the men were out fishing. . We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The earthquake, tsunami, and fires killed 40,000 to 50,000 people. On 1 April 1946, the Aleutian Islands tsunami killed 159 people in Hawaii and five in Alaska (the lighthouse keepers of the Scotch Cap Light in the Aleutian Islands). Consider on-site back-up supply of essential services. Often, this places constraints on the design, construction, and operation of the project, and may require protocols to be developed to maintain staff safety during a tsunami. On 25 October 2010, a 7.7 earthquake struck near the island of, On 22 February 2011, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake struck the. Despite the time lapse, locals and tourists were caught completely unaware of the imminent destruction. The Deadliest Natural Disasters in U.S. History. by collecting local tsunami hazard information either from maps or by interviewing local governmental civil protection, indigenous communities members, and scientific organizations or international agencies if local knowledge/capacity does not exist. On 9 May 1877, an earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 occurred off the coast of what is now Chile, causing a tsunami that killed an estimated 2,541 people. International Tsunami Information Centre http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php, Mainstreaming tsunami DRM https://www.gfdrr.org/two-years-after-tsunami-mainstreaming-disaster-risk-management, Designing for Tsunamis http://www.preventionweb.net/files/1505_DesigningforTsunamis.pdf, Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre: http://ptwc.weather.gov/, Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWMS), more information at: http://www.ioc-tsunami.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8&Itemid=58&lang=en, North-Eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and connected seas: Tsunami Information Centre. A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that sends surges of water, sometimes reaching heights of over 100 feet (30.5 . In the area you have selected (The Bahamas) tsunami hazard is classified as medium according to the information that is currently available. The high tsunami risk in the area of your project means that you should consider specific risk transfer measures to protect the project. Elements of note include metal cladding and roofing, panels, interior furniture, and fittings. Collaborate with NGO, international organizations and others working in the area to share local knowledge. Therefore, the planning for new developments should include consideration of already-existing national or regional regulations and guidelines. We are dedicated to bringing the world an African view on life, up-to-date African news and analysis. Three waves measuring more than 7 meter high struck a 10-kilometer stretch of coastline within ten minutes of the earthquake/slump. An 8.4 magnitude earthquake on 23 December 1854, near, Another magnitude 8.4 earthquake on 24 December 1854 in, A magnitude 7.4 earthquake on 26 December 1854 in, The tsunami with the highest runup was the, A tsunami caused by a landslide during the. Both Borrero and Titov took part in U.S. Geological Survey expeditions in early 2005 to measure the full extent of the tsunami that struck Sumatra. Comply with laws and regulations including land-use planning and flood management. At 7:59 AM, a 9.1-magnitude earthquakeone of the largest ever recordedripped through an undersea fault in the Indian Ocean, propelling a massive column of water toward unsuspecting shores. The fault zone that caused the tsunami was roughly 1300 km long, vertically displacing the sea floor by several metres along that length. If the consequences of tsunami damage are unacceptable consider moving the project. The water on the beach in Long Island Bahamas is gone after the hurricane. Sutron XPERT payload. Tsunami and associated earthquakes can cause rupture of gas supplies and spillage of flammable materials. On 11 October 1918 a large tsunami (which may have been associated with an underwater landslide) affected northwestern Puerto Rico. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Consider which services are essential to maintain social and economic function of the project and the region during the months to years of post-event recovery. Cf. Almost no injuries, because its such a difficult disaster to survive.. Within the last century, up until the December 2004 tsunami, there were 94 destructive tsunami which resulted in 51,000 deaths. Regular exercises are essential to test plans (at least annually, or more frequent to match staff turnover cycles) exercises are essential to test plans. On 4 November 1677, a low-intensity earthquake was felt in the area around the Bs Peninsula, but was followed by a large tsunami, which killed an estimated 569 people. It was 2004, the day after Christmas, and thousands of European and American tourists had flocked to the beaches of Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia to escape the winter chill in a tropical paradise. Many cities were inundated by the sea, with cities in, Alexandria, Southern and Eastern Mediterranean, On the morning of 21 July 365 AD, an earthquake triggered a tsunami more than 100 feet (30m) high, devastating. The storm continued on to trace the southeastern United States coast, just clipping the Outer Banks of North Carolina, before racing into Canada late Saturday afternoon with the equivalent of Category 2-strength storm winds. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 12:41. A tsunami surge of 64-centimetre (25 in) hit Norfolk Island and tsunami waves of 30-to-40-centimetre (12 to 16 in) hit New Zealand, while a much larger tsunami of 2.64 m (8.7 ft) in height hit Raoul Island, closest to the epicentre of the earthquake. Anemometer height: 6.6 m above site elevation. Smid, T. C.: "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature". The effect was like dropping the worlds largest pebble in the Indian Ocean with ripples the size of mountains extending out in all directions. On 10 April 1815 an eruption of VEI 7 caused a localized tsunami. [102] The highest recorded tsunami in Miyako, Iwate reached a total height of 40.5 metres (133ft). as an emergency service) consider alternative routing. Tsunami waves . Storage tanks are prone to rupture or floating away, resulting in spillage of contents. So without a natural warning, without an official warning and with no history of tsunamis, hitting coastlines full of people, thats the perfect combination to cause a lot of death and destruction.. This means that there is more than a 10% chance of a potentially-damaging tsunami occurring in the next 50 years. The tanks and fuel are often floating and possibly present as a direct hazard to the project. The death toll continues to rise in the Bahamas, where news crews report an increasingly dire situation as survivors of powerful Hurricane Dorian some six days later remain trapped on portions of the island nation where the damage has been described as apocalyptic. Earlier Saturday, the National Weather Service said the tsunami activity was supposed to hit Monterey around 7:30 a.m. and San Francisco around 8:10 a.m. The building up of Irma's [] Reply. Mozambique deals with flooding in aftermath of Storm Freddy, Nigerias INEC sees vote count delays in closely watched presidential election, Cyclone Freddy makes landfall on Madagascar, Robotic telescope station in South Africa completes global network, Marburg virus confirmed in EG, region steps up health measures. Consider planning for rapid re-instatement of these networks to the project. For example, electricity and road networks that do not run parallel or close to the coastline. The last and smallest event in the series occurred upslope relative to the mainshock and generated the largest tsunami. Reply. The tsunami also affected other islands such as New Caledonia and Vanuatu. In areas where the travel time to high ground is prohibitive compared to the tsunami arrival time, consider planning for vertical evacuation to levels above tsunami flow depths in reinforced concrete buildings with deep foundations (those with reinforcing and foundations typical of Japan/California/New Zealand earthquake building codes). The United Nations and partner agencies say an estimated 76,000 people have been left homeless, and will need food, water, shelter and medicine. . Minimize the volume of toxic or flammable materials (especially fluids) on site during construction and operation. On 1 September 1992 a 7.2 earthquake struck off the coast of Nicaragua and sent a devastating tsunami to the coast of the department of Rivas, killing an estimated 116 people. Utilize risk transfer methods such as insurance, to cover potential losses to the project, if the hazard cannot be avoided. It triggered a mega-tsunami with an initial height of 100 metres (328ft) and a breakthrough on the opposite shore of the fjord of 193 metres (633ft). Based on this information, the impact of tsunami should be considered in different phases of the project for any activities located near the coast. Engage a qualified local or international tsunami expert with the goals of: Understanding the tsunami risk to the project. On 29 November 1975 a 7.4 earthquake affects Hawaii, triggering a 14 m tsunami and a small brief eruption of the, On 17 August 1976 at 00:11, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck the island of, An 8.1 magnitude earthquake occurred on 12 December 1979 at 02:59 along the Pacific coast of, On 18 May 1980, in the course of a major eruption of Mount St. Helens, the upper 460 metres (1,510ft) of the mountain failed, causing a major landslide. The Category 5 hurricane arrived on the Grand Bahama and Abaco Islands last Sunday morning, with maximum sustained wind speeds of 298 kilometers per hour and gusts reaching beyond an astonishing 354 km/h. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Venezuela. Around the world there is increasing recognition that avoiding development in the most frequently tsunami (or river flood or storm surge) inundated areas is one of the most effective means of managing future losses to natural hazards. The death toll continues to rise in the Bahamas, where news crews report an increasingly dire situation as survivors of powerful Hurricane Dorian - some six days later - remain trapped on portions of the island nation where the damage . Tsunami Warning is in Effect for The Bahamas. This was due in part to the absence of major tsunamis since August 1883 (the Krakatoa eruption, see above). Last updated on Feb 25, 2023 08:08:49 PST View all . If people can be evacuated outside of the hazard zone it would greatly reduce the likelihood of death and injuries. A tsunami is a very long-wavelength wave of water that is generated by sudden displacement of the seafloor or disruption of any body of standing water. March 11, 2021. Consider whether local site conditions (nearshore bathymetry and topography) could amplify tsunami hazard. FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Ansei earthquakes which hit the south coast of Japan, were actually a series of three earthquakes over the course of several days. As the wave traveled up Taan Fiord towards Icy Bay, surges along the, On 14 November 2016, a major earthquake struck the, On 17 June 2017, a 300m 1,100m (980ft 3,610ft) landslide fell approximately 1km (3,300ft) into Karrat Fjord in the, On 28 September 2018, a localized tsunami struck Palu, sweeping away homes and buildings on the coast in its way; the earthquake, tsunami and. Consider planning for rapid re-instatement of these services to the project. The Bahamas occupies an irregular submarine tableland that rises out of the depths of the Atlantic Ocean and is separated from nearby lands to the south and west by deepwater channels. In 1977 a tsunami travelled inland to a point six metres above sea level at Cape Leveque, WA. The data set used to classify the hazard in this area is not publicly available to view or download due to licensing restrictions. Underwater geoarchaeological excavations on the shallow shelf (around 10 m depth) at Caesarea, Israel, documented a tsunami hitting the ancient port. daoR kcorevoL 911. gnidaeR. Floatable buildings (primarily those that are timber-framed) can be damaging once caught in the tsunami surge. Titov emphasizes that tsunamis look nothing like the giant surfing break-style waves that many of us imagine. The 26 December 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, which killed or displaced 230 000 people, was one of the largest tsunami events of the last 100 years. In cases of high hazard, there may be an obligation to develop or gain access to early warnings of impending tsunami arrival and to have evacuation plans in place to satisfy health and safety obligations. 1. He credits the unsparing destructiveness of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on the raw power of the earthquake that spawned it. A tsunami hazard assessment should be carried out to identify what impacts may affect your site. Finance & Economics At 7:59 AM, a 9.1-magnitude earthquakeone of the largest ever recordedripped through an undersea fault in the Indian Ocean, propelling a massive column of water toward unsuspecting shores . (Image credit: NASA Earth Observatory.) New Tsunami Maps for California. It takes an external force to start a wave, like dropping a rock into a pond or waves blowing across the sea. https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1426211456953-f02dffee4679d659f62f414639afa806/FEMAP-646_508.pdf, Designing for tsunamis (including vertical evacuation buildings) http://www.preventionweb.net/files/1505_DesigningforTsunamis.pdf, Insurance against Losses from Natural Disasters in Developing Countries: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reinhard_Mechler/publication/265286458_Insurance_against_Losses_from_Natural_Disasters_in_De-veloping_Countries/links/54ac53150cf21c477139d8c3.pdf, Insurance-related instruments for disaster risk reduction - http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2011/en/bgdocs/Suarez&_Linnerooth-Bayer_2011.pdf. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is helping to meet these needs, in partnership with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and with coastal States and counties. The de-escalation in rating comes just two weeks after the CDC had reduced the rating from a Level 4 to a Level 3, on March 10, 2022. The answer was the same in 2017 and it seems that it is necessary to confirm it once again in 2021. 000 WEPA40 PHEB 051525 TSUPAC TSUNAMI BULLETIN NUMBER 002 PACIFIC TSUNAMI WARNING CENTER/NOAA/NWS ISSUED AT 1525Z 05 SEP 2012 At 21:03 local time (14:03 UTC) on 22 December 2018, On 30 October 2020, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake triggered a tsunami that inundated the Greek islands of, On 28 November 2020, unseasonably heavy rainfall triggered an 18,000,000m, On 17 June 2021, a magnitude 5.9 (USGS) or 6.1 (BMKG) undersea earthquake near, On 12 August 2021, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake, followed several minutes later by a magnitude 8.1, On 12 April 2022, a landslide caused by heavy rain due to. In the Pacific, a 1998 earthquake caused an undersea landslide that generated a 23-foot tsunami that destroyed coastal villages and killed more than 2,000 people. On 11 March 2011, off the Pacific coast of Japan, a magnitude 9.1 earthquake produced a 33 feet (10m) high tsunami along the northeast coast of Japan. Animation of a tsunami. Loose debris may comprise elements from the natural environment (including tree trunks, boulders, rocks and coral from on land or the seabed, and sand and silt), and the built environment (including log storage awaiting shipment, containers, parts of buildings and their contents such as furniture, pipes and wiring, and boats). The tsunami was followed by malaria epidemics and crop failures. Debris resulting from tsunami impact often contributes to additional damage, so consider whether debris coming from the project could add to consequential damage to other structures and infrastructure for hundreds of meters to kilometers both along the coast and inland from the project location. Bahamas following an earthquake in the series occurred upslope relative to the lack of subduction.. 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