Lt. Kabayashi leads Japanese bombers from the Hiryu to attack the USS Yorktown. The enemy units were forced to withdraw their battered aircraft carrier Shokaku, while the Americans had to abandon the old, cherished carrier Lexington. He lived quietly at Pebble Beach until December 13, 1969, when he died of arteriosclerosis at the age of 83. Japanese propagandists pointed to their success in the Aleutians to offset the defeat at Midway, but actually the Aleutians were of little strategic value. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. 6 (June 1955): 658-659. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. Fifteen Buffaloes and two Wildcats were lost, but the garrisons anti-aircraft fire was effective. After three days of pre-invasion bombardment, Marines landed on Roi Islet and captured it the same day. While one was at sea, the other would be planning their next operation. Meanwhile, his search planes found no sign of any American warships. His seagoing career was extensive, including command of five destroyers and the battleship Mississippi. In May 1914, Spruance received a posting as Assistant to the Inspector of Machinery at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company. Privacy Policy, Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. Always calm, always at peace with himself, Spruance had that ability which marks the great captain to make correct estimates and the right decisions in a fluid battle situation. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. [22] Spruance later chose the battleship USSNew Jersey as his flagship, as the huge Iowa-class battleship had both room for his staff and the speed to keep up with the fast carrier task forces. Calm, collected, decisive, yet receptive to advice; keeping in his mind the picture of widely disparate forces, yet boldly seizing every opening. He was responsible for leading the 5th Fleet into the pivotal Battle of the Philippines Sea, nicknamed the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' because a total of 365 Japanese planes were brought down. The struggle by the U.S. Marine 2nd Division for Betio Islet on Tarawa Atoll was the bloodiest single action in the Corps long history. (. At the end of the Second World War Congress created a limited number of five-star ranks for the Army and the Navy, designated General of the Army and Fleet Admiral. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. However a second strike from Hiry would fatally cripple Fletcher's flagship, Yorktown and as a result, Fletcher passed command to Spruance, who would command the mop up phase of the battle. Most common sailors were proud to serve under Halsey; most higher-ranking officers preferred to serve under Spruance. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. Spruance was calculating and cautious. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. He was dragged out of his flagship Akagi before it sank against his will. Admiral Halsey was given command of the Third Fleet, and later that year Task Force 58 was transferred to Halseys fleet. It was hit and sunk by American dive bombers and the submarine USS Nautilus. Word of the sacrifice of VT-8 stunned the United States, and Churchill was reported to have wept when he heard about it. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. In August 1943, Spruance, now a vice admiral, returned to sea as Commander Central Pacific Force. Naval Academy, graduating in 1906. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. A. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. About us| Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, April 1955 . On 13 May 1945, Admiral Raymond Spruance put pen to paper and described the second kamikaze attack he experienced at Okinawa. >A few days later, Mitscher rejoined Spruance and the Fifth Fleet. If this happened, it would enable the Japanese to pinch the Americans between their two carrier forces. Answer: Admiral Yamamoto had hoped to fight a classic-style sea battle with battleships, but Spruance had proved that the aircraft carrier was now emerging as the capital ship of naval combat forces. Akagi class Japanese aircraft carrier that was part of the first detachment of the Japanese carrier strike force. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. Spruance himself directed a task group of battleships, cruisers and destroyers that left the main body to go after Japanese ships that were fleeing Truk, sinking the light cruiser Katori and destroyer Maikaze. 1, and he commanded her until 1914. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. His tour of sea duty ended in 1921, and he spent the next three years with the Navy Departments Bureau of Engineering and the Doctrine of Aircraft board. He was then ordered to the China station, with sea duty aboard the battleship Connecticut and the cruiser Cincinnati. Pratt, F. "Spruance: Picture of the Admiral," Harpers Magazine 193, no. All four of Japans aircraft carriers were sunk, devastating Japans ambitions in the Pacific. World War II: Fleet Admiral William Halsey Jr. World War II Pacific: The Japanese Advance Stopped, M.S., Information and Library Science, Drexel University, B.A., History and Political Science, Pennsylvania State University. These raids were critical to moralesetting a new tone of aggressiveness by U.S. commanders while providing invaluable battle experience for the commanders and sailors of the U.S. After the enemys raids on Midway, Admiral Spruance ordered the launching of every possible plane to search for and attack the Japanese carriers. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, is named Spruance Hall. When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. The heavily fortified islands, former British possessions, were of strategic value because of their good landing strips and naval base. This was followed by a promotion to Deputy Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet in September. Japanese escort carrier that was mainly responsible for launching scouts attached to Combined Fleet main body. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. Samuel Eliot Morison agreed: Power of decision and coolness in action were perhaps Spruances leading characteristics. United States Aircraft Carrier attached to Task Force 16. [3] After the war, Spruance was appointed President of the Naval War College, and later served as American ambassador to the Philippines. Admiral Spruance said that what they did was to wait until the Japanese ships were refueling, carrying weapons, and preparing their aircraft to attack them because the Japanese were in a vulnerable position. That December he was elevated to rear admiral, and in February 1940 he was placed in command of the 10th Naval District (Caribbean), with his headquarters in San Juan, Puerto Rico. [32] Wouk writes in his book that "Spruance escaped [the Japanese fleet admiral] Yamamoto's terrible trap by acting on perfect military instinct. The Japanese felt that they had won the encounter. But they expected it to come at the obvious and exposed outer fringe, and when we struck at the heart of the archipelago with a huge fleet that had approached undetected, we enjoyed complete tactical surprise. An academic building at the Naval War College was also named for him. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. Since US intelligence had reported the possibility that the Kido Butai would be operating in two separate task forces, that meant that Fletcher only knew the location of half of the carrier force. Fit and spare in his 70s, Spruance spent most of his retirement days wearing old khakis and work shoes and working in his garden and greenhouse. Both commanders hoped for a classic battle with the Imperial Japanese Navy, but only Mitschers carrier planes were able to reach the enemy. While screening the American invasion of Saipan in June 1944, Spruance defeated the Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Retribution was not long in coming. He attended grade and high schools in East Orange, N.J., and in Indianapolis. The recipient of the letter below was his longtime friend and former chief-of-staff Captain Charles "Carl" J. Moore. 2015. The Fifth Fleet commanders citation read: Responsible for the operation of a vast and complicated organization which included more than 500,000 men of the Army, Navy and Marine Corps, 318 combatant vessels and 1,139 auxiliary vessels, [he] directed the forces under his command with daring, courage and aggressiveness. In the seven-week campaign, 55 Japanese ships were sunk, five probably sunk and 74 damaged. During WWII Italian Commandos Were Tasked to Ride Torpedoes. Admiral Raymond Ames Spruance was a key American naval commander who served in the Pacific Theater of World War II.A graduate of the US Naval Academy, Spruance commanded cruisers during the early months of the conflict and first came to prominence for helping lead American forces to victory at the pivotal Battle of Midway in June 1942. Overseeing the Battle of Tarawa in November 1943, he guided Allied forces as they advanced through the Gilbert Islands. He organized the Japanese counterattack on the American carriers and is credited with the sinking of the USS Yorktown, the only American Carrier sunk at Midway. He was in this post on June 4, 1942, when the Japanese navy attacked Midway Island in force. My personal congratulations. He advanced quickly through the ranks, becoming an admiral in 1944. The combined American force consisted of three carriers, eight cruisers, 15 destroyers, 12 submarines and 353 aircraft, ranged against a grand total of 200 Japanese vessels and 700 planes. C. American Dream The US intelligence services could predict the way the Japanese carriers and planes would be approaching the battle. Spruance was put in command of Task Force 16, which included two carriers: USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, and was instrumental in the decisive US victory in the Battle of Midway. The setback in the Japanese timetable to encircle the Pacific gave the U.S. industrial machine time to crank up war production, and ultimately, to turn the advantage on Japan in the production of ships, planes, guns, and all the other matriel of war. Following the campaign, Spruance turned the fleet over to Halsey and began planning operations to capture Iwo Jima. His new duties involved planning rather than operations, and Spruance chafed for more action. Biographies, 20th century collection, Navy Department Library. Besides, the Japanese only had 35 serviceable planes left, rendering her carriers toothless. British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. Spruance received the Navy Cross for his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa.[23]. Moving into position near Midway, Spruance's force was later joined by Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher's TF 17 which included the carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). Four years later, President Harry S. Truman appointed him as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines. Spruance directed Operation Hailstone against the Japanese naval base Truk in February 1944 in which twelve Japanese warships, thirty-two merchant ships and 249 aircraft were destroyed. Landing troops on Saipan on June 15, he defeated Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa at the Battle of the Philippine Sea a few days later. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. Admiral Yamaguchi and the Hiryu's captain decide to stay aboard the ship. The other U.S. flattop, Yorktown, escaped with one bomb hit. The victory at Midway, meanwhile, was a tonic for American morale, which had not yet recovered from the disastrous December 7, 1941, raid on Pearl Harbor. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. Japanese submarine I-168 torpedoes and torpedoes a damaged US aircraft carrier and its escorting destroyer. Nagumo ordered his planes rearmed on their return. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. Spruance is depicted as the controversial victor of Midway by G. D. Spradlin in the 1988 TV miniseries War and Remembrance. At that time, Admiral Nimitz instituted a unique arrangement in which the command of the vessels which made up the "Big Blue Fleet" alternated between Admiral William Halsey Jr., at which time it was identified as the Third Fleet and Task Force 38, and Admiral Spruance, when it became the Fifth Fleet and Task Force 58. On February 19, American forces landed and opened the Battle of Iwo Jima. Nimitz had no battleships left after the Pearl Harbor attack, and after the Battle of the Coral Sea there were only two flattops ready for action, Enterprise and Hornet. John C. Waldron. On February 26, 1940, Spruance reported as commandant of the 10th Naval District with headquarters at Naval Station Isla Grande in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He readied himself at Stevens Preparatory School in Hoboken, N.J., and entered Annapolis in July 1903 at age 17. On June 14, while Mitscher led a diversionary attack on the Bonin Islands 800 miles to the north, U.S. Marines and infantrymen stormed ashore. I am lazy, and I never have done things myself that I could get someone to do for me. A number of torpedo squadrons from the airfields and carriers launch attacks on the Japanese carriers but score no hits and almost all planes involved were shot down. serious damage on the islands installations. Because of gaps in the search patterns flown by the Japanese, the American carriers were able to approach unseen. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/admiral-raymond-spruance-2360511. Covered by fog and lashed by storms most of the time, they were generally unsuitable for air or naval bases. Early in his career he was Just before the planned invasion of Midway island in June 1942, Halsey suddenly became ill with shingles. Having attained the rank of commander, Spruance attended the Senior Course at the Naval War College in July 1926. He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. He decided to launch the planes from Enterprise and Hornet when they were about 175 miles from the enemys calculated position instead of postponing takeoff for another two hours in order to diminish the distance. Yamamoto himself was based on the battleship Yamato, which is the largest warship built to date. I finally wangled two months at sea, in 1918, before the war was over. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . He enjoyed hot chocolate and would make it for himself every morning. Lieutenant aboard the Hiryu who led and was killed during the first Japanese counterattack after the sinking of 3 Japanese aircraft carriers. transmitted as a message) to Rear Admirals Frank Jack Fletcher and Raymond Spruance on the eve of the battle of Midway To quote a U S Navy website, "Nimitz clearly . For his actions at Iwo Jima and Okinawa, Spruance was awarded the Navy Cross. United States airbase targeted by the Japanese in preparation to invade Hawaii. [7], Spruance served in Washington until early 1924, when he was ordered to the headquarters, Commander Naval Force in Europe. Serving in Manila, Spruance remained abroad until resigning his post in 1955. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison believed he was one of the greatest fighting and thinking admirals in American naval history. He never smoked and drank little. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. The first Japanese airstrike was followed by another. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. No matter what other people tell you, your decision was correct". At the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese won a tactical victory, but suffered an operational-level defeat: it did not invade Port . When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The Japanese had been overconfident, and the Americans taught them a bitter lesson. Four fleet carriers and the heavy cruiser Mikuma were sunk; a cruiser, three destroyers, an oiler and a battleship were damaged. Fewer than two days before launch from Pearl Harbor, Nimitz's commander of the fleet carrier force, Admiral Halsey, was hospitalized with severe shingles;[10] Halsey immediately recommended Admiral Spruance to Nimitz as his replacement with Admiral Fletcher receiving overall command. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. But their elation was short-lived, for too many Japanese fighters had descended to deal with the torpedo bombers, leaving a window of opportunity for any American dive bombers that arrived. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. He was then 55. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in Aleutian islands campaign. Thus the Americans knew the Japanese planned to move toward Midway. In April, Nimitz divided command of the Central Pacific Force between Spruance and Halsey. It's commanding officer, Captain Yanagimoto, volunteered to stay aboard and go down with his ship. Shortly before leaving the Naval War College and retiring from the Navy on July 1, 1948, Admiral Spruance received a letter of commendation from the secretary of the Navy that read: Your brilliant record of achievement in World War II played a decisive part in our victory in the Pacific. 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