Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. split into kingdoms and city-states. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Although hostilities ended for a time, by 1551 the German princes had found another ally in the new king of France, Henry II (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II (14521516) and Isabella I (14511504) permission to conduct the Spanish Inquisition, which was separate from the medieval Inquisition. After Boniface's death in 1303, Philip succeeded in having the seat of the papacy (office of the pope) moved from Rome, Italy, to Avignon, France. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. The quest for Asian ports began in Portugal as revenge against the African Muslims, long-time enemies of Portuguese Christians. By Julie E. Hughes (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2013) 304 pp. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). Great Britain was born on the first of May, 310 years ago. The Moors introduced the secrets of making medicine and of producing steel, skills they had learned from the Far East (countries in Asia). READ FULL REVIEW >. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. The power of the Holy Roman Empire had dwindled, and princes (noblemen who ruled states)particularly in the more than two hundred principalities of Germanywere seeking independence. Question 9. He improperly anchored the fleet, thus leaving an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to set the Armada ablaze. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Protestant leaders looked to the queen's half-sister, Elizabeth, as a possible Protestant replacement. Each house used the image of a rose to represent itselfa red rose for Lancaster and a white rose for York. He was daring and courageous in battle, to the point of folly. On April 9, 1609, King Philip III signed a decree of expulsion. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . The Spaniards took 127 Ottoman ships and thousands of soldiers and seamen. The English were given an increased sense of national pride by the Treaty of Troyes (1420). During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. Classical educations were provided to members of the ruling classes and the clergy, and scholars avidly studied ancient history. 6. Although he lived in exile, he was considered the king. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). Henry had named a large council of regents to rule England until Edward was old enough to be king. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. John IV ushered in Portugal's silver age, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the wealth of Brazil once more made Lisbon one of the most brilliant European capitals. 22 Feb. 2023 . Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. and the southwestern United States. The following year Charles retired to a monastery and Philip became king of Spain. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). Indeed, it seemed to many Europeans that "God had turned into a Spaniard" by 1584. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Pope Alexander VI (14311503; reigned 14921503) took the side of the Medicis and convinced King Ferdinand of Aragon to send in Spanish troops to fend off the Sforzas, the French, and the Swiss. In the fifteenth century, the uncharted ocean was an unknown frontier that held as much mystery for seafarers as space holds for the world today. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. Numerous wealthy city-states competed for trade rights around the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas, and the Italian Wars (a conflict between France and Spain for control in Italy) raged for sixty-four years (see "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. The country occupies the western part of the Iberian Peninsula, next to Spain. . In one year alone, Francis had spent 5.5 million livres (the French unit of currency at that time) on the war. In May 1533 Henry's divorce was granted by Thomas Cranmer (14891556), the new archbishop of Canterbury (head of the Anglican Church). A: Francia . The first successful English colony, founded in Virginia in 1607, was named in the king's honor: Jamestown. He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. Although feudalism had been replaced by a new economic system, social and political structures were still based on the fief. As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the The reign of Queen Elizabeth I (15331603; ruled 15581603) is known as England's golden age. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. Instead, it was a series of conflicts mixed with periods of peace that began in 1337 and ended in 1453. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. Game Guide. Not even his genius, however, could win for Henry the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that The revised Book of Common Prayer also ordered the destruction of stone altars associated with the Catholic Mass (worship service in which communion is taken). Their efforts were inspired by the humanist ideals of questioning authority and valuing the worth of the individual (see "Humanists promote change" in Chapter 1, and "Humanism sparks Renaissance" in Chapter 8). Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. During the standoff, in 1569, King Philip II ordered all Moriscosincluding those who were not involved in the conflictout of Castile, Estremadura, and central Andalusia. It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. Royal Family of Norway. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. Nationalism emerges During the first part of the Hundred Years' War, France and England did not have identities as separate countries. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. 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