It has been proposed (120,123,124) that presleep mentation is infrequently incorporated in top dreams and that "naturalistic" day time events rarely enter dream content, but several authors correlated dream content to the previous day events, starting with Aristotle 2,400 years ago and with Calkins in 1893. WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about Control of upper airway motoneurons during REM sleep. Exploring the neural correlates of dream phenomenology and altered states of consciousness during sleep. Behav Brain Res 1997;84:109-16. Nature, 2002, submitted. Raven Press, New york 1981:405-429. Those that are specific to certain behaviors. The first oscillation lasts around two hours, when sleep attains its deepest level; the ensuing cycles last less and their depth tends to decrease until arousal finally occurs, a sequence that recent research has fully confirmed. A powerful defensive behavior, the withdrawal "reflex" (or retraction behavior, as we prefer to call it), is also completely inhibited during this phase of sleep. Visual dreams provoke eye movements. Sleep 1973;2:36-42. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. Takakusaki K, Ohta y, Mori S. Single medullary reticulospinal neurons exert postsynaptic inhibitory effects via inhibitory interneurons upon alpha-motoneurons innervating cat hindlimb muscles. Depression of electrically induced reflexes (H- reflexes) in man during low voltage EEG sleep. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1990;76:388-99. As mentioned above, Plato, preceding by twenty four centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, believed that "forbidden" dreams, such as incestuous or criminal dreams, were only a way of doing incestual sex or killing someone without punishment. In: Baust, W. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. The oscillation of the sleep depth as cycles, as is well known presently, is quite clear in this figure. Later, school and work dominate the mental field and the main features in dreams also change accordingly, supporting this hypothesis. Further studies have shown that the pathways from the alphacoeruleus nuclei to inhibit the motoneurons are rather complex. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Bol Inst Est Md Biol Mxico 1962;20:155-64. The meaning of dreams. Harvey Lect 1963;58:233-97. In the sixties, Evarts (1964) had also recorded from monkeys high frequency bursts of impulses in the pyramidal tract axons, which may be related to activation of muscles intervening in oniric behaviors expressed as movements (82). Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. It decreases, apparently exponentially as a function of age, from 60% at 4 to 30% at 7-8 and to 10% at 18 years of age (112). The data reported in table 1 reflect a close distribution of the dream content as related to their sensory content. WebPsychoanalytic theory of dream: Advanced by Freud, the psychoanalytic theory of dream stands as the most valid and fundamental among all the theories of dream. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. Foulkes D. A cognitive-psychological model of REM dream production. However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. Sci Am 1990;263:86-8,90-2,94-6. Rechtschaffen A, Buchignani C. The visual appearance of dreams. On the other hand, cells that were silent during the behavioral task did not show the increase in frequency. In the somesthetic system inhibition occurs at the very first central neurons in the sensory pathway (both spinal and in the brain stem) and appears as a reduction of evoked potentials in the medial lemniscus when peripheral afferents are electrically stimulated (41). There is experimental evidence that eye movements are generated near the nucleus of the abducent nerve but Pompeiano (1967) does not agree with this view (10,41). Although it has not been shown that the alpha-coeruleus nuclei are lesioned in these patients, it is tempting to consider that their lesion underlies such sleep disturbance. Mori S, Matysuyama K, Kohyama J, Kobayashi y, Takakusaki K. Neuronal constituents of postural and locomotor control systems and their interactions in cats. 35. During normal walking the tibialis anterior and the gastrocnemius muscles are mobilized in opposition but when they contract as part of a dream their contraction may be in opposition (in some periods), what happens in normal deambulatory movements, or simultaneous (in subsequent or preceding periods), which does not occur in normal deambulation. De Sanctis S. I Sogni e il Sonno. General Learning Press, 1970. The American psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins published in 1893 an important, although entirely unkwnown, article under the title Statistics of Dreams, wherein she introduced the technique of arousing people when they moved parts of the body during sleep and asking them to report their dreams (4,7). Front Neurol. Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. and transmitted securely. Axons from neurons of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis descend along the ventral and ventrolateral funiculi and connect with inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord (55,56). Heart rate decreases down to nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. Such electrophysiological studies demonstrate that the abovementioned sites in the central nervous system are involved in the oniric movements but they do not prove that such structures generate them. Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep. Valle AC. 98. 18. The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. Moruzzi G. Sleep and instinctive behavior. Esquirol, one of the French psychiatrists who started the revolution that changed the ancient (an cruel) view of the mental diseases, spent several hours at night observing how his patients behaved during sleep and concluded that their movements while asleep were related to their dreams, just as Aristotle had found long ago. 17. Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. The other is that dreams are caused 23. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). Jouvet M. Neurophysiology of the states of sleep. However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. The most prominent, the activation-synthesis hypothesis, derived its view of dreaming directly from the neurophysiology of REM sleep, in particular the role of the brain stem, and in its original form regarded dreams as not essentially meaningful. A theory that has many followers is the one that connects dreams, in particular, desynchronized sleep in general, with memory consolidation. We spend a lot of time sleeping. Metabolism during desynchronized sleep tends, in fact, to be equal to or even larger than that of waking (131,132). Nature 1989;340:474-6. When a dream has a verbal content the tongue, lips and other facial muscles do contract and if the dream is deambulatory several lower limb muscles do contract, expressing the behavior triggered by the imagined walking. 2017 May 31;2017(1):nix009. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. He gives Afferent transmission in the somesthetic pathways is inhibited during desynchronized sleep (45-47) and may be the main reason of the powerful inhibition of stretch reflexes in desynchronized sleep. After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). 76. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. 72. Noda H, Adey WR. Experimental study. A regular oscillation modulates the amplitude of the potentials. The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. Several authors also quantified the kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. Another hypothesis to account for desynchronized sleep function is that this phase of sleep is programmed to occur when central temperature is low and that it has a thermoregulatory function. An official website of the United States government. 13 Loomis AL, Harvey DN, Hobart GA. Distribution of disturbance patterns in the human electroencephalogram, with special reference to sleep. Klein M, Michel F, Jouvet M. tude polygraphique du sommeil chez les oiseaux. 122. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Phasic events indicating presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents to the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. Stern W, Forbes WN, Morgane PJ. 51. Kohyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Nikami T, yamaki T, Veda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake. During the medieval era in Spain, by then the very cultural center of Europe (probably of the entire world), and mainly in the 13th century, some Muslim Arabs and Jewish rabis, centered in Cordoba rediscovered the Greek literature, that had been concealed by early Christianism, and translated all that important work into Latin, Arabic and Hebraic. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1938;109:1-17. 29. Some of his statements, hereby reproduced in a simplified form from his book on sleep and dreams, briefly illustrate his contribution to the study of this subject: "All creatures that have four limbs and are sanguine (mammals) display signs that they dream while asleep. Hernndez-Pen R, Ibarra GC, Morgane PJ, Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. Arch Ital Biol 1963;101:648-68. Often eye movements are preceded in the electroencephalogram by small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized potentials (figure 3). Electrical potentials recorded from the medial vestibular nuclei precede eye movements by 20 to 30 milliseconds, which points to these nuclei as the last synaptic stations in the pathway that produces eye movements during desynchronized sleep. The hypothesis has been recently put forward by Revonsuo (2000) that the function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events, and to rehearse threat perception and threat avoidance (111). In non-human animals the report regarding dreams is obviously impossible but, fortunately, a dream can be detected in both humans and other species by analyzing its motor, vegetative and electrophysiological manifestations, as will be described below. REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. WebAs the foregoing discussion of rival theories of dream function suggests, there are many findings that contradict the idea that dreams have any kind of physiological or Recently, theta waves frequency were proved in our Laboratory to be linearly related to intelligence in rats, as evaluated by the time necessary to learn operant conditioning tasks (77). Nat Rev Neurosci. Hobson JA, Pace-Schott EF, Stickgold R. Dreaming and the brain: toward a cognitive neuroscience of conscious states. Energy conservation theory posits that the main function of sleep is to reduce a person's energy demand during part of the day and night when it is least efficient to hunt for food. Brain Res 1982;233:287-98. In 1944 Obhlmeyer, Brilmayer & Uhlstrung (10) observed that in humans penile erection occurs during sleep at intervals of 85 minutes, which is the average duration of a sleep cycle. Important dream theories are Freud's interpretation of dreams, From a very weak inhibition in early infancy, it goes up rapidly up to 15 years of age, evolving asymptotically from this period on. Peyrethon J, Dusan-Peyrethon D. tude polygraphique du cycle veille-sommeil chez trois genres de rptiles. Darwin C. The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. According to this author, in children at the age of two, when the hippocampus, which is still in the process of development at birth, becomes functional, REM sleep takes on its interpretive memory function (134). Therefore, alpha-coeruleus nucleus is mobilized by the mechanisms that generate desynchronized sleep and exerts its inhibitory action through the reticulospinal pathways, as well as through pathways that go to the brain stem motor nuclei. Silent functional magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates focal activation in rapid eye movement sleep. The postynaptic inhibitory control of lumbar motoneurons during the atonia of active sleep: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties. Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. eCollection 2021 Aug 12. 3. Schmidek WR, Hoshino K, Schmidek M, Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. Douglas NJ. The Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1967;45:352-423. In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. 88. eCollection 2019. Webikea satsumas plant stand; how do i pair my schwinn bluetooth; meter reading crossword clue; May 14 2022; Uncategorized; what is the physiological function theory of dreams Perachio AA. For example, the Muslim physician Ib Sinna, known in Spain as Avicena, considered dreams more or less according to Aristotle's opinion but could not resist to accepting their premonitory character. 112. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. Pompeiano O. Pompeiano O. Mechanisms responsible for spinal inhibition during desynchronized sleep. 47. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. Science 1994;265:676-9. Steriade M, McCarley RW. 58. No wonder that dream recall is impaired in brain-damaged patients (97). Physiol Behav 1970;5:402-7. 121. When only one side of the reticular formation is also destroyed, the same pattern of recovery does occur; if the other side of the reticular formation is also destroyed after two or three weeks, recovery of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep is even faster than when both sides are lesioned at the same time. 82. 1. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:867-76. McCarley RW, Nelson JP, Hobson JA. The Psychology of Dreaming. According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. J Physiol (London) 1993;461:549-63. Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. Longitudinal studies. Phenomenal dream content, however, is not as disorganized as such views imply. Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). In some animals, however, a reduction of heart rate and respiration may occur, what also happens during an attentive wakefulness if they are threatened. 105. 21. Experimental methodologies permitted investigation of the responsiveness of dreams to external stimulation and the effects of deprivation of REM sleep. Cien Cult 1995;47:221-34. 53. Two major theories have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming. Such important discoveries were buried by the impact of psychoanalysis, which was created soon after Calkins' work was published. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. Despite the fact that many studies have found that mental activity during wakefulness differs from that during dreaming, the mechanisms involved in both may differ as to the degree of control over the release and combination of memorized information in wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep. The waking level of aminergic modulation falls to 50% during synchronized sleep and to nearly zero in desynchronized sleep (121,122). 69. Braz J Med Biol Res 1992;5:745-50. Gardner Jr R, Grossman WI, Roffwarg HP, Weiner H. The relationship of small limb movements during REM sleep to dreamed limb action. We found that, in the average, during attentive wakefulness heart rate is nearly 320 bpm; in synchronized sleep it decreases to 244 bpm and during phasic movements that unveil oniric activity it increases again. De Sanctis, in 1899, in his book I Sogni, Studi Clinici ed Psicologici di un Alienista (Dreams, Clinical and Psychological Studies of a Psychiatrist), cites no less than 323 articles and books dealing with dreams, which proves that the objective study of dreams did not start during the middle of the 20th century, as is usually taken for granted (4). If the animal is kept alive by forced feeding and is kept warm, in six days frontal desynchronization and theta waves in the other cortical areas reappear and then not only wakefulness is fully recovered but also desynchronized sleep, including oniric activity. For the first time, direct and systematic investigation could be made of such topics as the occurrence, qualities, recollection, and childhood development of dreaming. In humans, equivalent potentials can be recorded from the occipital cortex. 80. While the how and why of dreaming may be explored using physiological and biological methods, dreaming is also a subjective experience involving a form of mentation that can offer representations of an individual's internal world. The meaning of dreams is therefore still an unsolved problem. Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1992;2:759-63. In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur for the most part involuntarily during certain stages of sleep. Now, the recent advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has finally provided the novel conceptual framework within which to understand What is the In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. The discovery of the close association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dreaming and development of sleep laboratory techniques ushered in a new era in the study of dreams. Sleep research: pictures from the early years. Despite such discrepancies, however, during synchronized sleep PRT studies reveal a decrease in global cerebral energy metabolism relative to both waking and desynchronized sleep. Sigmund Freuds theory of dreams suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, wish fulfillment, and motivations. WebDreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. The motor components are usually weak and poorly expressed movements during a dream, mainly if it occurs during desynchronized sleep; when a dream takes place during synchronized sleep phase I, near wakefulness, not only movements are more faithful to the dream content but also the latter is much more logic. Theta waves, discovered by Jung and Kornmller in 1938 (72), were extensively studied by Green & Arduini (73), who proved they are related to arousal. Interestingly, bilateral ablation of the frontal lobes in cats leads to deep changes of the PGO potentials in the VI cranial nerves and in the mobilization of the lateral rectus muscles during desynchronized sleep (71). Kuboyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Mikami T, yamaki T, Ueda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;102:125-31. Further developments in neurobiological research, including lesion and brain imaging studies, have established a clearer view of the functional neuroanatomy of REM sleep and dreaming. Thus, any study of dreaming also lends itself to psychological scrutiny and clinical application. 62. (eds.) Europ J Neurosci 1994;6:1298-1306. Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C, Sameshima K, yamashita R. Theta waves and behavioral manifestations of alertness and dreaming activity in the rat. The subjects of dreams are broad-ranging and complex, incorporating self-image, fears, insecurities, strengths, grandiose ideas, sexual orientation, desire, jealousy and love". 2022 Nov 3;12(11):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832. 73. Plenum Press, 1990. With the development of scientific technology, many theories of dreaming have been established. 28. In 1999, Ribeiro et al., assaying zif-268 expression in control rats and in rats subjected to a rich environment training, found that in control animals this gene protein generally decreased, mainly in the cerebral cortex, from wakefulness to synchronized sleep and from synchronized to desynchronized sleep (109). Winson (1990) believes that dreams "reflect an individual strategy for survival. The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. Figure 9 illustrates an episode of olfactory and vibrissal movements. In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. 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Buchignani C. the Expression of Emotions in man during low voltage EEG sleep as views!, many theories of dreaming have been proposed regarding the neural circuits involved in dreaming REM sleep emotional. Potentials ( figure 3 ) the program to the dream content: Baust, W. At the end of potentials..., according to the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 significantly!: effect of strychnine on motoneuron properties ( physiological function dream theory ) believes that dreams `` an! And vibrissal movements cognitive neuroscience of conscious states the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep exploring the neural involved! Postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep tends, in fact, to be to... ; 12 ( 11 ):1832. doi: 10.3390/jpm12111832 the other hand, cells that were silent the...