), Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est. After 1978, MAO's successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. WebRussia China; Population: 142,320,790 (July 2021 est.) Population: 145,558,000; Surface Area: 17,098,250 km2; Currency: Russian Rubles (1 EUR=78.6818 RUB) Religion: Mostly Christianity ; Belongs to: ACD, BRICS, CIS, CoE, CTSO, EAEU, G20, G8, IMF, UN, OSCE, SCO However, since late 2015 the Chinese Government has strengthened capital controls and oversight of overseas investments to better manage the exchange rate and maintain financial stability. Russia is the world's second largest exporter of military hardware and has the world's largest stockpile of nuclear weapons. ), 1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. Source: Weforum.org. Other factors include a cultural preference for large families and falling mortality rates. Statistics show that the Indonesian population grew by about 1.1% annually between 2009 and 2019, while the Pakistani population grew by 1.45% annually during the same period. Russia: 145,934,462: 0.04 %: 62,206: 9: 16,376,870: 182,456: 1.8: 40: 74 %: 1.87 %: 10: Mexico: 128,932,753: 1.06 %: 1,357,224: 66: 1,943,950-60,000: 2.1: 29: 84 %: 1.65 ), 18% of total installed capacity (2017 est. Table: 5 most least populated countries in the world. https://www.worldatlas.com/features/countries-by-population.html WebFrom 2020 to 2100 the population of Russia will decline by 20 million people from 146 to 126 million. ), Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1% (2010 est. Economic development has progressed further in coastal provinces than in the interior, and by 2016 more than 169.3 million migrant workers and their dependents had relocated to urban areas to find work. Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. After World War II, the Chinese Communist Party under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. In July 2005 moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. China has implemented reforms in a gradualist fashion, resulting in efficiency gains that have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in GDP since 1978. and for the next two millennia, China alternated between periods of unity and disunity under a succession of imperial dynasties. Natural Language; Math Input; Extended Keyboard Examples Upload Random. Five of the ten most populous countries are in Asia, three in the Americas, and one each in Europe and Africa. The first test that occurred to be successful occurred in 1964. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). Russian nuclear threats are empty, part of "information operation:" ISW; Ukraine official skeptical China's "brave enough" to send Russia weapons Source: World Bank. Nigeria is home to about 15.5% of the African population. 3,000-5,000 Armenia; est. WebGeneral information Population Details for Russia and Ukraine Quality of life Values from 0 (bad) to 100 (very good) See also: Explanations and country ranking on quality of life Economy Details for Russia and Ukraine Infrastructure Details for Russia and Ukraine Energy balance Details for Russia and Ukraine Telecommunication Age structure: 0-14 years: 15-24 years: 25-54 years: 55-64 years: 65 years and over: 0-14 ), Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est. The nation decided to choose dried lake for the nuclear site, Lop Nur. From 2013 until early 2015, the renminbi held steady against the dollar, but it depreciated 13% from mid-2015 until end-2016 amid strong capital outflows; in 2017 the RMB resumed appreciating against the dollar - roughly 7% from end-of-2016 to end-of-2017. 1,500 Moldova; est. Singapore is the 176th largest country with a surface area of 728 square kilometers. Vatican City, an enclave of Rome, Italy, is the worlds least populous country with approximately 825 people. The Chinese Government is seeking to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil, focusing on natural gas, nuclear, and clean energy development. WebRussia United States; Population: 142,320,790 (July 2021 est.) However, since late 2015 the Chinese Government has strengthened capital controls and oversight of overseas investments to better manage the exchange rate and maintain financial stability. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. The number of inhabitants is 146,171,015. ), 1.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est. Still, China's per capita income is below the world average. Asia, the worlds largest continent by size and population, is one of the continents where the population is increasing. According to the World Bank, the Earths population density is 59.62 people per square kilometers (2018). A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close to 2.8%. It is projected that African countries will dominate the list of top ten largest countries by population. ), School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), 27.796 million Shanghai, 20.897 million BEIJING (capital), 16.382 million Chongqing, 13.794 million Tianjin, 13.635 million Guangzhou, 12.592 million Shenzhen (2021), 12.593 million MOSCOW (capital), 5.504 million Saint Petersburg, 1.676 million Novosibirsk, 1.513 million Yekaterinburg, 1.280 million Kazan, 1.255 million Nizhniy Novgorod (2021), 29 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector. It covers an area of approximately 780 square kilometers (Asias 3rd smallest country) and has a population of about 1.6 million people. ; from the 3rd century B.C. The Chinese Government faces numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic household consumption; (b) managing its high corporate debt burden to maintain financial stability; (c) controlling off-balance sheet local government debt used to finance infrastructure stimulus; (d) facilitating higher-wage job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and college graduates, while maintaining competitiveness; (e) dampening speculative investment in the real estate sector without sharply slowing the economy; (f) reducing industrial overcapacity; and (g) raising productivity growth rates through the more efficient allocation of capital and state-support for innovation. These geographic entities are not strictly considered to be countries, but rather are related to other countries. The USSR was the principal adversary of the US during the Cold War (1947-1991). All information comes from wikipedia.org, cia.gov, icanw.org, government websites and press releases. In 2016, China ratified the Paris Agreement, a multilateral agreement to combat climate change, and committed to peak its carbon dioxide emissions between 2025 and 2030. The capital of Russia is Moscow. Besides fertility levels, early motherhood will also contribute to the population rise. ), Standard Chinese or Mandarin (official; Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry); note - Zhuang is official in Guangxi Zhuang, Yue is official in Guangdong, Mongolian is official in Nei Mongol, Uighur is official in Xinjiang Uygur, Kyrgyz is official in Xinjiang Uygur, and Tibetan is official in Xizang (Tibet), Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est. Indias population is 1.37 billion, making it the second-most populous country. Compare China and Russia health profiles ), 2% of total installed capacity (2017 est. Source: World Bank, The global population is 7.63 billion and the Earths total surface area is 510.1 million square kilometers. Devastating defeatsand food shortagesin World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the ROMANOV Dynasty. We should also bear in mind that they are the only country out of five nuclear-weapon states under the NPT that does not give a positive security assurance. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. ), 4,525,445,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est. Nigeria, Africas most populous country, will be the second-most populous country with 791 people. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. ), .ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out, 13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations, all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department sends directives to all domestic media outlets to guide its reporting with the government maintaining authority to approve all programming; foreign-made TV programs must be approved prior to broadcast; increasingly, Chinese turn to online and satellite television to access Chinese and international films and television shows (2019), 102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009), 177700 km gas, 54800 km oil, 19300 km refined products (2016), 76000 km gas, 30400 km crude oil, 27700 km refined petroleum products, 797000 km water (2018), Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branches, People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (PLAN, includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (PLAAF, includes airborne forces), Rocket Force (strategic missile force), and Strategic Support Force (information warfare, cyber, space forces); People's Armed Police (PAP, includes Coast Guard, Border Defense Force, Internal Security Forces); PLA Reserve Force (2021), 18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; one-year service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a two-year contract instead of completing a one-year conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces (2019), 18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs (2019), Military and security service personnel strengths, information varies; approximately 800,000 total active duty troops (350,000 Ground Troops, including about 40,000 Airborne Troops; 150,000 Navy; 150,000 Aerospace Forces; 60,000 Strategic Rocket Forces; 90,000 other uniformed personnel (special operations forces, command and control, support, etc. ), 11% of total installed capacity (2017 est. ), Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1% (2010 est. 1,500 Belarus; est. Although China developed and tested its first atomic device only in 1964, they managed to test their first hydrogen bomb only 32 months later. In the early 17th century, a new ROMANOV Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Since the early 1990s, China has increased its global outreach and participation in international organizations. ), Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est. You can change your cookie settings at any time. However, the population growth rate has declined from 2.2% to 1.1% in the last five decades. Asia is the most populous continent, accounting for about two-thirds of the total population. 1,500 Moldova; est. China and the United States are the most and 3rd most populous country in the world, respectively. Some information is indicative and estimated because of lack of official or up-to-date data. 1.0 - 1.1 million Ground; 250,000 Navy/Marines; 350-400,000 Air Force; 120,000 Rocket Forces; 150-175,000 Strategic Support Forces); est. Copyright 2019 ArmedForces.eu. China continues to lose arable land because of erosion and urbanization. ), 25 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union; Russian SFSR renamed Russian Federation); notable earlier dates: 1157 (Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal created); 16 January 1547 (Tsardom of Muscovy established); 22 October 1721 (Russian Empire proclaimed); 30 December 1922 (Soviet Union established), 1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. The Chinese Government faces numerous economic challenges including: (a) reducing its high domestic savings rate and correspondingly low domestic household consumption; (b) managing its high corporate debt burden to maintain financial stability; (c) controlling off-balance sheet local government debt used to finance infrastructure stimulus; (d) facilitating higher-wage job opportunities for the aspiring middle class, including rural migrants and college graduates, while maintaining competitiveness; (e) dampening speculative investment in the real estate sector without sharply slowing the economy; (f) reducing industrial overcapacity; and (g) raising productivity growth rates through the more efficient allocation of capital and state-support for innovation. ), .ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out, all broadcast media are owned by, or affiliated with, the Communist Party of China or a government agency; no privately owned TV or radio stations; state-run Chinese Central TV, provincial, and municipal stations offer more than 2,000 channels; the Central Propaganda Department sends directives to all domestic media outlets to guide its reporting with the government maintaining authority to approve all programming; foreign-made TV programs must be approved prior to broadcast; increasingly, Chinese turn to online and satellite television to access Chinese and international films and television shows (2019), 13 national TV stations with the federal government owning 1 and holding a controlling interest in a second; state-owned Gazprom maintains a controlling interest in 2 of the national channels; government-affiliated Bank Rossiya owns controlling interest in a fourth and fifth, while a sixth national channel is owned by the Moscow city administration; the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian military, respectively, own 2 additional national channels; roughly 3,300 national, regional, and local TV stations with over two-thirds completely or partially controlled by the federal or local governments; satellite TV services are available; 2 state-run national radio networks with a third majority-owned by Gazprom; roughly 2,400 public and commercial radio stations, 102,000 km (including 48,000 km with guaranteed depth; the 72,000-km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea) (2009), 76000 km gas, 30400 km crude oil, 27700 km refined petroleum products, 797000 km water (2018), 177700 km gas, 54800 km oil, 19300 km refined products (2016), Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces, Navy (PLAN, includes marines and naval aviation), Air Force (PLAAF, includes airborne forces), Rocket Force (strategic missile force), and Strategic Support Force (information warfare, cyber, space forces); People's Armed Police (PAP, includes Coast Guard, Border Defense Force, Internal Security Forces); PLA Reserve Force (2021), Armed Forces of the Russian Federation: Ground Troops (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Aerospace Forces (Vozdushno-Kosmicheskiye Sily, VKS); Airborne Troops (Vozdushno-Desantnyye Voyska, VDV), and Missile Troops of Strategic Purpose (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) referred to commonly as Strategic Rocket Forces, are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branches, 18-22 years of age for selective compulsory military service, with a 2-year service obligation; no minimum age for voluntary service (all officers are volunteers); 18-19 years of age for women high school graduates who meet requirements for specific military jobs (2019), 18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; one-year service obligation (Russia offers the option of serving on a two-year contract instead of completing a one-year conscription period); reserve obligation for non-officers to age 50; enrollment in military schools from the age of 16, cadets classified as members of the armed forces (2019), Military and security service personnel strengths, information varies; approximately 2 million total active duty troops (est. The following table shows the population of territories and dependencies. According to the recent UN estimates, about 47% of the global population, or 3.6 billion people live in five countries. ); est. Indonesia has a population of 270.6 million people, while the Pakistani population is 216.6 million, or 3.6% and 2.83% of the global population respectively. ), Han Chinese 91.6%, Zhuang 1.3%, other (includes Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan, Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai, Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai, and other nationalities) 7.1% (2010 est. Nowadays, similarly to United States, the Russians store a total number of 6490 warheads, what is scarcely more than USA. Population growth rate varies by country and region. ), Russian (official) 85.7%, Tatar 3.2%, Chechen 1%, other 10.1%; note - data represent native language spoken (2010 est. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. According to the UN projections, the global population will be over 11 billion by the end of the 21st century. On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine with an estimated 150 k troops. permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia, volcanism: significant volcanic activity on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands; the peninsula alone is home to some 29 historically active volcanoes, with dozens more in the Kuril Islands; Kliuchevskoi (4,835 m), which erupted in 2007 and 2010, is Kamchatka's most active volcano; Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, which pose a threat to the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, have been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; other notable historically active volcanoes include Bezymianny, Chikurachki, Ebeko, Gorely, Grozny, Karymsky, Ketoi, Kronotsky, Ksudach, Medvezhia, Mutnovsky, Sarychev Peak, Shiveluch, Tiatia, Tolbachik, and Zheltovsky; see note 2 under "Geography - note", frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land subsidence, volcanism: China contains some historically active volcanoes including Changbaishan (also known as Baitoushan, Baegdu, or P'aektu-san), Hainan Dao, and Kunlun although most have been relatively inactive in recent centuries, note 1: largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture, note 2: Russia's far east, particularly the Kamchatka Peninsula, lies along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire, note 3: Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak; Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world, is estimated to hold one fifth of the world's fresh surface waternote 4: Kaliningrad oblast is an exclave annexed from Germany following World War II (it was formerly part of East Prussia); its capital city of Kaliningrad - formerly Koenigsberg - is the only Baltic port in Russia that remains ice free in the winter, 46 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respubliki, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnyye okrugi, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (kraya, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast'), oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl', republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk), autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi-Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard), krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk [Transbaikal] (Chita), federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg], 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities (shi, singular and plural), provinces: Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; (see note on Taiwan), autonomous regions: Guangxi, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), Ningxia, Xinjiang Uyghur, Xizang (Tibet), municipalities: Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin. Brazils population is approximately 211 million (2.76%), while Nigeria has about 201 million people (2.63%). 7,000-10,000 Georgia; est. For much of the population, living standards have improved dramatically but political controls remain tight. However, if the only land area (150 million square miles) is considered, the population density is 50.9 people per square kilometer. If you want to check the comparison in terms of economic ratios check out WebRussia vs China GDP/GDP per capita/Population 1970-2023More videos about China: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1gc3Azh33acYWs8AnWRsem2D China is a country located in Eastern Asia with an area of 9,596,961 km2 (land boundries: 22,457 km and costline 14,500 km). Deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the North - is another long-term problem. Indonesia and Pakistan complete the list of five of the worlds most populous countries. Russia is currently the 9th most populous country in the world but by 2030 it will have dropped to 10th place overtaken by Mexico. It has the highest number of rich people in the worlds top 10% of wealth since 2019. The United States is the worlds third-most populous country, with 328.2 people or 4.3% of the global population. WebRussia, the largest country in the world by area, had a population of 147.2 million according to the 2021 census, or 144.7 million when excluding Crimea and Sevastopol, up from 142.8 million in the 2010 census. Iceland and Suriname are the 4th and 5th most sparsely populated countries with 2.1 and 2.9 people per square kilometer. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector. Most women become mothers at early ages, enabling them to carry multiple pregnancies. 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